Alcohol is one of the most thoroughly studied substances in medicine, and the picture is less ambiguous than popular culture suggests: it is a toxin that the body is remarkably effective at metabolizing in small amounts, and increasingly harmful as amounts rise. The cardiovascular benefits sometimes attributed to moderate alcohol have been substantially revised downward by more careful research, while the cancer risk even at low consumption levels is more clearly established than most people realize. The body handles alcohol differently across individuals, genders, ages, and genetic backgrounds, making personal experience a less reliable guide than population data.
Each step builds on the last.