Periagoge
Concept
1 min read

Kleshas: Five Root Causes of Mental Suffering

Patanjali's five fundamental afflictions—ignorance, ego, attachment, aversion, and fear of death—that generate suffering, mapping onto specific sources of mental distress in African communities.

Patan
Why It Matters

Patanjali identifies five kleshas or afflictions that are the root causes of mental suffering: avidya (ignorance), asmita (ego/false identity), raga (attachment), dvesha (aversion), and abhinivesha (fear of death/impermanence). These illuminate African mental health challenges with precision. Avidya manifests as internalized oppression and disconnection from heritage. Asmita appears as ego defensiveness and the fragile self-concept built on colonial narratives. Raga shows as unhealthy attachments to people or substances that distract from healing. Dvesha appears as resistance and rejection of what is, perpetuating suffering. Abhinivesha emerges as existential despair and fear of meaninglessness. African healers have always addressed these five sources, though perhaps with different language. By mapping the kleshas onto specific African mental health presentations, we create a diagnostic tool that honors both Patanjali's psychological wisdom and African healing knowledge. Someone experiencing depression may be caught primarily in avidya and asmita, requiring identity reconnection work. Another person dominated by raga and abhinivesha needs ceremony addressing impermanence and deepening purpose. This framework guides precise, layered healing interventions.

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Patan
Mental Health
Peri
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