Why do I keep letting 'good enough' win over doing it right?

You call it a conflict between craft and deadline. Look again. The deadline isn't your enemy. You made it one the moment you decided both mattered the same amount. They don't. One is the work you're accountable for. The other is someone else's schedule, or your own fear of falling behind. You know which is which. You just prefer not to say it out loud. This isn't a productivity problem, and no system will fix it. It gets fixed by deciding, before you touch the work, what standard you're willing to answer for — and holding it, even when holding it costs you time you wanted to spend elsewhere. The discomfort you feel isn't confusion. It's the ache of knowing what you value and doing something else anyway. That's worth sitting with, not managing away.